The EXPAND function lets Excel 365 users resize a returned array to exact dimensions and fill added cells with a value of choice. Think of EXPAND as the missing piece when building report‑ready ranges from dynamic arrays. It takes a source array, returns a version with the exact number of rows and columns specified, and pads any new cells with either a custom value or the default error. This makes it ideal for standardizing array sizes for charts, dashboards, and exports. According to Microsoft’s documentation, the syntax is =EXPAND(array, rows, [columns], [pad_with]) and it will return #VALUE if rows or columns are smaller than the source, and #N/A in padded cells if pad_with is omitted. It’s part of the dynamic array family and available to Microsoft 365 users on Windows, Mac, and the web as of recent builds.

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When working with invoices, receipts, or sales reports, you may need to apply different tax rates depending on the product type, service category, or customer location. Excel makes it easy to handle multiple tax rates if you set it up correctly. I will show you efficient and accurate ways to manage tax rates in Excel.

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Need to send professional invoices with tax calculated automatically? Excel is a powerful tool for small business owners and freelancers who need customizable, tax-ready invoice templates.

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Want to allow edits in some parts of your Excel sheet while locking others? Excel gives you the power to lock specific cells without making the entire sheet read-only. This guide shows you how, step-by-step.

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Want to make your Excel sheet cleaner and more dynamic? You can automatically hide rows based on specific cell values using filters, conditional formatting tricks, or simple VBA code. This tutorial will walk you through all the methods.

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Formula errors are a common headache in Excel. Whether you’re seeing green triangles in the corner of a cell or getting mysterious error codes like #DIV/0! or #NAME?, this guide will help you understand and fix the most common issues.

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Manipulating dates and times in Excel using VBA opens up a world of automation and custom functionality that goes far beyond what standard worksheet functions can offer. While Excel itself is quite good with dates (storing them as serial numbers), VBA gives you programmatic control to parse, calculate, format, and interact with dates and times in powerful ways. Let’s see how you can wield this capability.

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Imagine you and your friends decide to rent a vacation home for a weekend. The total cost for the stay is $600. However, not everyone can stay for both nights. You need to figure out how much each person should pay, ensuring it’s fair, based on the number of nights they’re staying. This is a perfect scenario for using pro rata calculations, and Excel is our tool of choice to solve this puzzle.

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Adding a zero before numbers or text in Excel is a common requirement, especially for data that needs to maintain a certain format, like ZIP codes, phone numbers, or numerical codes. Excel, by default, might not display leading zeros since it interprets the data as numbers. Here are several methods to achieve this, ensuring your data is displayed exactly as needed:

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You know, in the world of research, it’s so common to fixate on that p-value. That tiny number, often below 0.05, signals “statistical significance!” It tells us, loud and clear, that the difference we found in our data probably isn’t just random chance, which is awesome. But here’s the thing, and it’s a critical point in modern research: “statistically significant” doesn’t automatically mean “practically important” or “a big deal”. A microscopic, almost trivial difference can show up as significant if your study has a huge number of participants. And conversely, a really meaningful difference might not quite hit that magic p-value if your sample is on the smaller side.

So, what’s often missing when we only look at p-values is the magnitude of that difference, the “how much does it actually matter?” question. That’s precisely where Cohen’s d steps in. It’s a powerhouse tool that lets you quantify the effect size – basically, how big and meaningful the difference between your two group averages really is, in a way that’s standardized and makes sense regardless of what you measured. It truly helps you answer that “so what?” question, and the cool part is, you can calculate it right there in your everyday Excel spreadsheet. Let’s just walk through it.

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